India's Strategies on Space!! Defending the Space!!

Space is an amazing place, you can escape the world through it or you can destroy the world by dropping a bomb through it. With defence technologies becoming increasingly deadly, it’s important for any country to develop their own space deterrence technologies to defend themselves from above.

India is one of those countries understanding the importance of this geopolitical development and has been actively investing in space and space related applications. Under the motherhood of ISRO, India has been constantly working on technologies for civilian use but what has caught up most eyes is its involvement in development of next-gen technologies for defence applications.

For a country like India which dreams of becoming a superpower in the near future, it's justified why they have been developing their own Space Situational Awareness (SSA) capabilities by building data processing units across the world.

Under ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC), ISRO launched a programme named Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TTC), to build a world-wide infrastructure to track and communicate with India's space assets and provide the country with a precise and effective deterrence tool so as to defend against any incoming hypersonic projectile with a potential nuclear warhead. The system provides India to reduce its time lag of activating the nuclear doctrine.

Under TTC, India has been able to established tacker systems in Port Louis in Mauritius, Bear Lakes in Russia, Biak in Indonesia, Brunei, Svalbard in Norway, Troll in Antarctica, Vietnam, Gatun Lake in Panama, Sao Tome and Principe in West Africa.

Another project code named Project NETRA or the Network for Space object tracking and Analysis was launched recently to add on to India's Space Situational Awareness Capabilities.

This system guarantees effective deterrence against incoming threat via space by supporting the Prithvi Air Defence system and also the anti-satellite defence system under project Mission Shakti. NETRA efficiently combines with the pre-programmed chip of Shakti defence system for active retaliation against threat to India's space assets in Low Earth Orbit and has future plans to extend the range up to 36000 km.

The ongoing expansion of Indian defence in the fifth domain of warfare that is space, only after land, air, sea and cyber can well be linked to the recent events faced by the country. India is trying to go solo and self-reliant in cutting edge technologies to support its key assets without the fear of foreign intervention or effect of international sanctions. With the new education policy announced, it is clear that India is now focusing on making the country future ready with prime focus on cyber world. As the world is moving away from a non-aligned movement and everyone is trying to make their group stronger and capable, both in terms of economy and diplomacy, India needs to be vigilant before making any decision on geopolitical front.

 It is important for the country to not be a part of any block as a result of international pressure. India's space advancement brings the country at par with major players of the world and therefore ensures a safer ecosystem for their economy and a stronger stance in international forums.

Communication and intelligence are the base of any war and a country's space assets ensure the relay of those aspects. Destroying the entire communication system of a country means under supply of any external intelligence as well as internal data sharing. So, it's important for a country like India which heavily depends of its military and communication satellites for data communication, to develop deterrence technologies to protect its land and sovereignty.

 

Note : All images used in this post has been taken from Google Images and the copyright of each of the images lies with their copyright holders.

The views expressed above are personal and belong to the author.

This post has been written by Rishav Kumar.

Also See : Is Indian Ocean the Next Battleground?, Bleeding China!! Is this the Beginning of the End?, India's Nuclear Ambitions, India's Future Plans : Exploring Space

Will India ever Manufacture Chips?

India is growing digitally and with the occurrence of COVID-19 epidemic, it is more important than ever for India to maintain its pace towards digital growth. So the basic thing required for this digital growth is of course the gadgets but what India needs to focus on, for more sustainable future, is developing what’s inside these gadgets, the semiconductor chips.

Undoubtedly the countries which are able to manufacture these chips are contributing more towards their GDP whether you talk about US, China or Japan. However, you may be pleased to know, India is a high performer in terms of chip design. At present 3000 chips are designed every year in India and almost 30,000 engineers are involved in this process involving design and verification. The Indian semiconductor industry, growing at 10% annually, is set to be worth $ 33 billion by 2025, according to the Indian Electronics & Semiconductor Association. However what lies as a problem is when it comes to the chip manufacturing, India is much behind, probably not even in the race yet. There is a constant need to set up a Chip Fabrication ecosystem in India.

Chipmaker Qualcomm invests $97 million
in Jio Platforms

The recent deals of Jio with Intel and Qualcomm for developing 5G systems in India has created a huge ray of hope for the semiconductor chip industry in India. But again I believe this partnership would mainly compromise of chip designs from India and manufacturing of these chips would take place outside India in Qualcomm and Intel fabrication factories.

So what are we doing? Has India never tried or took steps to manufacture their own chips? Well the answer is of course we did try but eventually failed. The biggest example can be given of HSMC. Hindustan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (HSMC), a consortium of companies that included ST Microelectronics and Silterra Malaysia was aiming to kick-start a chip manufacturing plant in Gujarat, a project worth ₹30,000cr. The government in 2019 cancelled the letter of intent granted to HSMC and now there is no such proposal from any private company to initiate such a project. The reason was that the consortium could not submit the required documents asked by the government for setting up of Semiconductor Wafer Fabrication (FAB) unit. HSMC had been backed by AMD and had also received ₹700cr in funding from Mumbai-based Next Orbit Ventures. 

Now keeping companies apart, this is the time for start-ups right? Did the start-ups tried towards this field? The answer is again the same, of course they did. Mymo Wireless, a Bengaluru-based company incubated out from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, started its efforts to become a competitor to Qualcomm. The company initially gained expertise in chip making, focusing on building IP, licensing its technology and building chips for other companies. It was a strategic decision that helped it earn a steady 30% profit. However, it soon realised that chip-making was an expensive proposition. When the company tried raising $20 million a year ago, no venture capitalist was willing to invest in the effort. The simple reason is Indians lack the risk-taking ability to invest this much money for a longer time period. Mymo Wireless still has the same vision and is working to develop 5G mobile chipset, but again chip manufacturing in India at larger scales didn’t go according to the plan. Another interesting factor to put is India however is a large importer of semiconductor chips. In fact, experts say that India is spending more money on import of semiconductor than on oil.

What lies as the major problem is obviously money capital. Setting up a chip manufacturing unit requires a huge investment and continuous uninterrupted power supply. Apart from this, another factor is the skilled workforce. Definitely there is no shortage of talent in India but more focus at this area is still required. Also the availability of raw materials requires massive payments in turn. So lack of correct infrastructure or ecosystem is the major cause of our failure. Presently at the moment no one is willing to take such huge risks. Therefore the biggest hurdle for India in its chip manufacturing vision is developing the right ecosystem.  Hence for India to reduce its dependency on chip imports and to establish their own chip fabrication industry the government needs to make sure there is proper infrastructure and investments are  made so that scalable manufacturing units can be created however  the companies must also come up with effective plans for the government’s approval.

As always your valuable comments and suggestions are welcome.

The views expressed above are personal and belong to the author.

This post has been written by Satyam Basu.

How to start Competitive Programming?

There are thousands of answers to this question and honestly none of them are wrong. I guess you should stop looking for more answers and start following one of them earnestly and whole heartedly.

So, let’s start with a step by step guide to competitive programming:

• Mastering a language: The most obvious step. To learn a language, you may go through a good book or opt for a video lecture. It is important that you finish the book / videos you have started. I personally recommend starting with C++. You may also take up C, Java or Python.  However, some Olympiads do not allow the use of python. When you start programming more often, you will get accustomed to important syntaxes and paradigms.

You can practice questions on any topic at Hackerrank. Here you will find brief yet crisp description of a topic and lots and lots of questions. You may also visit GeeksforGeeks for a quick or a detailed explanation to any programming related doubt.

• Brushing up your thinking abilities: This is not an actual step but one can’t help but mention its importance in competitive programming. If questions are easy, they are not competitive. Also, there are several ways of solving a question but when it comes to a competition, your code must run within the given time. This can be done only by using proper math and algorithms.
•  Learning Data Structures and Algorithms: To my knowledge this is one of the most important part of competitive programming. It separates an ordinary coder from an extraordinary coder. Without the basic knowledge of time complexities and use of data structures, one cannot go ahead with competitive coding. Building up a solid algorithm for a question is the first step to solve a question.
• Appearing in coding contests: Once you have learnt a language you may hit the contests straight up. At first, I recommend you to go for practice questions on Codechef. This will make you comfortable with the online IDEs and will help to get an estimate of the difficulties of a problem. (It is not necessary that you code on its IDE.) There are three monthly contests on Codechef:

i.                Long Challenge: It is a ten-day long contest. Beginner should take this up more seriously.

ii.              Cook off: This is of 2hrs 30mins. It checks your thinking and coding skills in the stipulated time.

iii.            Lunch Time: Its duration is three hours. In both cook off and lunch time, time is of maximum priority.

Once you are comfortable doing contests, you may also try from the plethora of contests on Codeforces. Codeforces boasts a number of almost weekly scheduled short contests of three hours that will help you take the extra step in enhancing your immediate thinking and effective coding skills.

 

Some extra tips:

• It is vital that you maintain your patience. Competitive programming is an art which is not easy to master. Being a beginner, I understand that it must be devastating to not be able to solve a question after a dozen tries. An AC verdict (solution accepted) after the thirteenth try can surely make your day.
  There are no limits for practising. Aside from the above mentioned links you can also find good questions on Hackerearth and Spoj.
• Programming is like a sport and cheating will only improve your score, not your performance.
•  It cannot be that your code is the same as your friend’s code, yet his/her code runs and yours does not. Stop convincing yourself by saying this. Instead, after every contest be sure to visit the editorial sections to check the solutions of the questions that you could not answer.
• This book was recommended to me by a friend: Competitive Programmer’s Handbook. It has helped me a lot.

 

As said before competitive programming is like a sport, and like mastering any other contest it requires a lot of hard work, courage and most importantly patience.

Happy coding.

As always your valuable comments and suggestions are welcome.

The views expressed are personal and belong to the author.

This post has been written by Pratyush Dev.

Also see: Gentle Introduction to C, Algorithms